Constipation is a common issue in cats and can lead to significant discomfort and health complications if not managed effectively. Characterised by prolonged gastrointestinal (GI) transit, constipation results in dry, hard stools and difficulty or absence of defecation. While it can affect cats of any age or sex, older male cats seem to be more prone to this condition.
Causes of Constipation in Cats
The underlying causes of feline constipation can be complex and varied, making it a challenge to pinpoint a single culprit. Constipation may occur secondary to local GI issues, such as obstructions, or systemic diseases. In many cases, after ruling out other potential causes, about 60% to 70% of affected cats are diagnosed with idiopathic constipation, meaning no specific cause can be identified.
Recent studies suggest that idiopathic constipation in cats might be linked to a combination of factors, including dehydration, impaired GI nerve signalling, and alterations in the GI microbiome. These factors can disrupt normal bowel movements, leading to chronic constipation. In some cats, this can progress to a more severe condition known as megacolon, where the colon becomes permanently dilated and loses its ability to contract properly.
Recognising the Signs
If your cat is experiencing constipation, you might notice several signs that could indicate a problem.
Common symptoms include:
Abdominal pain
Decreased or absent defecation
Lethargy
Small, dry faeces
Straining (tenesmus) during defecation
Less commonly, cats might also exhibit vomiting, vocalisation during defecation, or intermittent diarrhoea. If your cat shows any of these signs, especially if they recur, it’s important to consult with your veterinarian for a thorough evaluation.
Diagnosing Constipation
When a cat presents with constipation, a detailed history and physical examination are crucial. We will ask about your cat’s symptoms, diet, litter box habits, and overall behaviour to assess the severity of the condition and identify any contributing factors.
A key part of the diagnosis involves abdominal palpation, which can often reveal a colon filled with hard faeces. Additional diagnostic tests, such as abdominal radiographs, might be necessary to assess the extent of the constipation and rule out other conditions, such as megacolon.
Nutritional Management: A Key to Long-Term Care
Once an acute episode of constipation is resolved, preventing recurrence is essential. Nutritional management plays a pivotal role in long-term care for cats with chronic constipation.
Diet Form and Water Intake
Ensuring your cat has ample access to fresh water is critical. Dehydration is a major factor in constipation, so encouraging water intake is a top priority. While canned food is often recommended due to its higher water content, some cats may prefer dry kibble. In these cases, adding water to their dry food can help increase their overall water consumption.
Fibre: The Balancing Act
Fibre is a crucial component in managing constipation, but not all fibres are created equal. The type and amount of fibre in your cat’s diet can significantly impact their bowel movements.
Insoluble Nonfermentable Fibres: These fibres, such as cellulose and wheat bran, add bulk to the stool and can promote motility. However, in cats with severe motility issues or megacolon, too much bulk can worsen symptoms.
Soluble, Moderately Fermentable Fibres: These fibres, such as psyllium, retain water in the colon and can help soften the stool. They can be particularly beneficial in managing constipation without adding excessive bulk.
Mixed-Fibre Diets: Many commercial diets offer a blend of insoluble and soluble fibres, aiming to balance stool consistency and water content. These diets have shown promise in managing constipation in cats, even resolving symptoms in some cases.
Supplements and Medications
In addition to dietary changes, your veterinarian might recommend supplements or medications to help manage your cat’s constipation. Osmotic laxatives and promotility drugs are often used to maintain softer stools and support regular bowel movements. These treatments should always be accompanied by strategies to ensure your cat stays well-hydrated.
A Personalised Approach
Managing chronic constipation in cats requires a tailored approach, with regular monitoring and adjustments to diet and treatment plans as needed. By working closely with us and focusing on proper nutrition and hydration, you can help keep your cat comfortable and healthy, minimising the risk of recurring constipation.